Real Estate Appraiser Video Statistics

Key takeaways

1. Channels that say they are real estate appraisers or appraisal firms posted 6.6% of YouTube’s 241 most-viewed ‘home appraisal’ and ‘real estate appraisal’ videos and drew 2.4% of their views; U.S. appraisers drew 2.1% (our read, Nov 2026). (Mark Studios) See details
2. News, TV and entertainment channels drew 35.5% of those views and real estate agents 17.0% (our read, Nov 2026). (Mark Studios) See details
3. Our read found 0 Florida appraisers or appraisal firms among the 186 channels behind those videos (Nov 2026). (Mark Studios) See details
4. Florida’s licence file listed 6,583 active appraiser credentials on Nov 5, 2026; registered trainees were 10.3% of them (our count). (Mark Studios from Florida DBPR) See details
5. Palm Beach County had 424 active appraiser credentials, Broward County 429 and Martin County 68, by address of record (our count, Nov 2026). (Mark Studios from Florida DBPR) See details
6. 8.6% of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac purchase appraisals came in below the contract price in 2023, down from a 15.2% peak in 2021; in Florida the 2023 share was 11.7% (our calculation from FHFA data). (Mark Studios from FHFA) See details
7. The median age of employed property appraisers and assessors was 52.7 in 2025, and 44.3% were 55 or older (BLS household survey; our calculation for the share). (BLS, Mark Studios) See details
8. The U.S. had 12,426 private offices of real estate appraisers in 2025, and jobs at those offices fell 17.2% from 2019 to 2025 (BLS; our calculation for the change). (BLS, Mark Studios) See details
9. About 40% of the single-family loans Freddie Mac acquired in 2020 and 39% in 2021 used an appraisal waiver, its 10-K for 2021 says. (Freddie Mac) See details

Who makes the most-viewed home appraisal videos on YouTube?

Mostly not appraisers. Channels that say they are real estate appraisers, appraiser trainees or appraisal firms drew 2.4% of the views of the most-viewed 'home appraisal' and 'real estate appraisal' videos on YouTube on November 6, 2026, from 6.6% of the videos (our count). News, TV and entertainment channels drew 35.5% of the views, and real estate agents, brokers and teams drew 17.0%.

We read YouTube's own view-sorted search results through the YouTube Data API, with no country or language filter: the top 200 for 'home appraisal' and the top 100 for 'real estate appraisal'. A third search, 'appraiser', was planned but was not read, because the API's daily search limit ran out; 'real estate appraisal' also got 2 pages of results, not 4. The two lists held 241 unique videos from 186 channels, and 58 videos were in both lists (our count). We sorted every channel by hand from its own title, description and video text, reading Hindi, Marathi, Nepali, Korean, Russian, Japanese, Portuguese, Spanish and Filipino text in the original. An appraiser here is any channel whose own text says its owner is a real estate appraiser, trainee or valuer, or is an appraisal firm, anywhere in the world; 11 channels qualified. We did not check any of them against a licence register. This is one day's ranking, not a census of appraisal videos.

Agents and lenders together posted 35.7% of the videos, 86 in all, more than five times the 16 posted by appraisers (our count). The 10 most-viewed channels drew 44.6% of all views; none of them is an appraiser, and five are news or entertainment channels. The 10 most-viewed videos drew 41.8% of the views; the median video had 16,815 views (our calculation). The single most-viewed video, with 881,460 views, is an Indian shorts channel's clip about film stars' real estate towers, one of 5 videos in the sample that are not about real estate appraisal at all; those 5 drew 8.9% of views. 5 videos came from government bodies, tax assessors and associations: two tax-appraisal offices, the Appraisal Institute of Canada, the Biden White House archive and the House Financial Services Committee (our count).

Which appraisers show up, and are any in Florida?

None is in Florida. 0 of the 186 channels was a Florida appraiser or appraisal firm on November 6, 2026 (our count). Eight channels of other kinds tie themselves to Florida: agents in Orlando and Winter Garden, Crestview and the Treasure Coast, a Tampa Bay investor team, a Philadelphia luxury agent who also sells in Florida, a Port St. Lucie mortgage broker, a lender with a St. Augustine address and a Florida real estate licence tutor. One of them, a Treasure Coast agent whose channel lists North Palm Beach, Jupiter, Jupiter Island and Hobe Sound, is tied to Palm Beach or Martin County; none is tied to Broward (our count).

U.S.-based appraisers and appraisal firms, 8 channels whose own text names a U.S. place, posted 13 videos and drew 2.1% of the views (our count). 4 U.S. appraiser channels state a credential, such as a Texas state-certified residential appraiser in Dallas-Fort Worth and a Certified General Appraiser in New Jersey; together they posted 4 videos with 0.6% of views. U.S. appraisal firms, in Arizona and New Jersey, posted 3 videos with 0.3% of views. The rest are an Arizona agent who says he spent more than 25 years appraising, a one-video Dallas-Fort Worth appraiser short, and two trainees (our count).

The trainees carry the appraiser numbers. Two appraiser trainees, in Oregon and Louisiana, posted 7 of the 16 appraiser videos and drew 53.2% of appraiser-channel views; one Oregon trainee's channel alone drew 49.6% (our calculation). The median appraiser channel had 297 subscribers, against 2,230 for agent channels and 627,000 for media channels (our count). Appraisers lean on short videos: 37.5% of their videos ran 60 seconds or less, against 21.2% of the whole sample.

Appraisers are heard more often as guests than on their own channels. 16 more videos feature a named appraiser or valuer as a guest on an agent's, lender's or TV station's channel, and they drew 4.7% of the views, about twice the views of appraisers' own channels (our count). Counting appraisers' own videos, guest appearances and one re-posted appraiser clip, 13.7% of the videos, 33 of 241, give an appraiser the microphone, with 7.2% of views. The word 'appraiser' in a title rarely means an appraiser made the video: 30 of the 39 videos with 'appraiser' in the title came from channels that state no appraiser role (our count).

What do the most-viewed home appraisal videos cover?

Bias stories draw the most views. 22.4% of all views went to the 22 videos whose titles are about racial bias or discrimination in appraisals, 9.1% of the sample; most are news reports and commentary on cases brought by Black homeowners, several of whose appraisals rose after they removed family photos or had a white friend stand in. None was posted by an appraiser (our count from titles).

• Preparing a home, or what appraisers look for: 23 videos by title; 1 was posted by an appraiser.
• A low appraisal or an appraisal gap: 13 videos by title, with 3.6% of views; 39 mention one in the title or description.
• Appraiser careers, trainees, pay or a day in the life: 19 videos, with 4.0% of views; 8 of them by appraisers or trainees.
• Licence-exam and course lessons: 8.7% of videos, with 7.2% of views.
• Commercial or income-property valuation (cap rates, income approach, DCF): 10 videos; 1 by an appraiser.
• Increasing or maximising an appraisal: 7 videos, with 2.3% of views.
• FHA or VA appraisals: 8 videos; refinance or home-equity appraisals: 4.
• UAD, USPAP, the URAR form or an appraisal report: 6 videos; property-tax appraisals and protests: 7.
• Desktop or hybrid appraisals, appraisal waivers, value acceptance, AVMs or AI: 2 videos by title, an AI-versus-appraisers podcast and a cash buyer's 'instant online home appraisal'; 7 mention one anywhere in their text.

The searches reach well beyond the U.S. market. Videos about valuation outside the United States, such as Indian ready-reckoner rates, Nepalese visa valuations and UK estate-agent valuations, made up 19.9% of the videos and drew 31.5% of views (our count). Channels set to the United States posted 65.6% of the videos and drew 55.2% of views; channels set to India posted 8.3% and drew 15.6%.

Most of the videos are long and several years old. 21.2% ran 60 seconds or less and drew 14.9% of the views; the median short had 18,947 views, against 16,487.5 for longer videos (our calculation). Videos over 20 minutes were 14.5% of the sample and drew 8.5% of views; the median video ran 341 seconds. 23.2% were published in 2024 or later and drew 30.1% of views, while 2021 to 2023 supplied 106 of the 241 videos. 24.1% were published before 2020, and the median video was 1,682 days old (our count). None of the 241 videos carried YouTube's altered or synthetic content flag in the API, and 1, a county assessor's video, was marked made for kids.

Do appraisal organisations post on YouTube?

Yes, but to small audiences. The five official channels we could confirm, for the Appraisal Institute, The Appraisal Foundation, Freddie Mac, FHFA and McKissock's appraisal-education arm, posted 48 videos in the year to November 6, 2026, with a median of 104 views per video, and 0 of them had a video among the 241 most-viewed search results (our count from the YouTube Data API). We found each channel from a YouTube link on the organisation's own homepage, except McKissock's, whose own channel description names it.

Freddie Mac's most-viewed upload in that window had 796,116 views, far above its median. 2 of the 7 organisations we checked have no channel we could confirm: Fannie Mae's homepage links none, the Appraisal Subcommittee's site was not read because its robots.txt bars GPTBot, and handle lookups found neither (our count).

How many real estate appraisers are there?

BLS Employment Projections, which counts the self-employed too, puts the occupation at 68.4 thousand jobs in 2025, with 14.6% self-employed, and projects growth of 3.5% to 70.7 thousand by 2035 (BLS Employment Projections). BLS does not count real estate appraisers on their own. Its code 13-2020 combines the standard occupation 13-2023 (appraisers and assessors of real estate) with appraisers of personal and business property (BLS OEWS code list), so these figures include county and city tax assessors. The Occupational Outlook Handbook expects about 5,200 openings a year over the decade, most of them to replace workers who leave or retire (BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook). Pay at offices of real estate appraisers is in the next section.

Who employs appraisers and assessors?

Local government is the largest employer, because the occupation includes tax assessors. BLS's Occupational Outlook Handbook puts 41% of the occupation's 2025 jobs in local government, 21% in real estate, the industry that includes offices of real estate appraisers, and 15% with self-employed workers (BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook).

How old are real estate appraisers?

Older than most workers. The Current Population Survey put the median age of employed property appraisers and assessors at 52.7 years in 2025, against 42.1 for all employed people (BLS CPS table 11b). It counted 70 thousand employed in the occupation, and 44.3% of them were 55 or older (our calculation). Women were 39.2% (BLS CPS table 11).

In 2019, before CPS moved to the 2018 occupation codes, the line was "appraisers and assessors of real estate": 84 thousand employed, a median age of 51.4, 45.2% aged 55 or older (our calculation) and 42.0% women (BLS CPS table 11b, 2019). The two years use different occupation definitions and are survey estimates of small groups, so the change between them is rough.

How many appraisal firms are there?

About 12,000 with payrolls and about 28,000 without. The Census Bureau defines industry 531320, offices of real estate appraisers, as establishments "primarily engaged in estimating the fair market value of real estate" (NAICS Manual 2022). Appraisers inside banks, government assessment offices or firms classed elsewhere are not in it.

BLS's Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages counted an average of 12,426 private appraisal offices in 2025, with 27,435 jobs and average annual pay of $81,177 (BLS QCEW). In 2019 the figures were 13,218 offices, 33,141 jobs and $62,080: offices down 6.0%, jobs down 17.2% and pay up 30.8% before inflation (our calculations). The average office had 2.2 jobs in 2025 (our calculation).

Census's County Business Patterns found 12,346 appraisal offices with paid employees in 2023, down from 13,077 in 2019 (U.S. Census Bureau CBP). 11,215 of them, or 90.8% (our calculation), had fewer than five employees. Most appraisal businesses have no employees at all: Nonemployer Statistics counted 28,273 in 2023 (U.S. Census Bureau NES), 2.29 for every office with a payroll and 69.6% of all appraisal businesses Census counted that year (our calculations). In 2024 there were 27,517 nonemployers, down 10.8% from 30,856 in 2019 (our calculation), with 1,733,295 thousand dollars in receipts (U.S. Census Bureau NES), about $62,990 each (our calculation).

The counts differ by design: QCEW counts every worksite reporting unemployment insurance through the year, CBP one March pay period, the Economic Census the establishments of responding firms, and Nonemployer Statistics tax returns of businesses with no payroll. None of them counts appraisers as people.

How much do appraisal firms take in?

About $7.9 billion in 2022 for firms with employees. The 2022 Economic Census put the receipts of U.S. appraisal offices with paid employees at 7,920,354 thousand dollars (U.S. Census Bureau Economic Census), about $588 thousand per establishment (our calculation). Appraisal itself brought in 7,744,072 thousand dollars, or 97.8% (our calculation) (U.S. Census Bureau Economic Census products). Census splits that revenue by urban and rural property, not by residential and commercial: urban appraisal brought 5,970,881 thousand dollars, or 77.1% (our calculation), and rural appraisal 1,773,191 thousand. The four largest firms took 17.8 percent of the industry's receipts (U.S. Census Bureau Economic Census).

The Annual Integrated Economic Survey put 2024 receipts of appraisal firms with employees at 5,846,657 thousand dollars (U.S. Census Bureau AIES), a sample estimate not directly comparable with the 2022 census. It publishes no advertising figure for appraisal offices or for real estate services as a whole.

How many appraisal offices are in Florida and in Palm Beach, Broward and Martin counties?

QCEW counted 1,173 private appraisal offices in Florida in 2025, 9.4% of the U.S. total (our calculation), down 5.2% from 1,237 in 2019 (our calculation), at average annual pay of $76,518 (BLS QCEW). Census CBP counted 1,225 Florida offices with paid employees in 2023 (U.S. Census Bureau CBP), and Nonemployer Statistics 2,211 with none, 1.80 for every office with a payroll (our calculation); in 2024 the nonemployer count was 2,273. The Economic Census put Florida appraisal offices' 2022 receipts at 421,713 thousand dollars.

Together the three counties had 177 private appraisal offices in 2025, 18.1% fewer than in 2019 (our calculation from BLS QCEW). County counts this small move with single openings, closures and moves, so a few offices either way is noise.

How many licensed and certified real estate appraisers does Florida have?

Florida's licence file listed 6,583 active appraiser credentials on Nov 5, 2026 (our count of the Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation's public Real Estate Appraisal Board extract). That total covers four credentials: 3,690 certified residential appraisers, 2,208 certified general appraisers, 681 registered trainee appraisers and 4 licensed appraisers. Another 455 credentials sat in inactive status. Active here means DBPR's active status with a current or probationary licence; the file leaves out null-and-void licences and was produced before the November 30, 2026 renewal deadline, so licences that lapse then are still counted.

The counts are licences, not people working. An appraiser who moves from trainee to certified gets a new licence record, and an active licence does not prove the holder is appraising.

Source: our count of the DBPR extract lic64appr.csv (file dated Nov 5, 2026). Years run from each licence record's original licensure date; licences that lapsed or were upgraded are not in the file, so older years count survivors only.

How has Florida's appraiser licence count changed since 2017?

DBPR counted 7,008 active Real Estate Appraisal licences in fiscal year 2023-24 (DBPR annual report 2023-24), against 6,723 in fiscal year 2016-17 (DBPR annual report 2016-17). Across the seven reports the count stayed between 6,558 and 7,008. DBPR's figure covers every Real Estate Appraisal Board licence in active status, including suspended and probationary licences; the report does not split it by credential or give the date the count was taken, so it is not directly comparable with our credential count above.

DBPR also counted 529 inactive appraisal licences in 2023-24 (DBPR), up from 227 in 2016-17 (DBPR). Complaints about appraisers ended in 125 final orders in 2023-24 (DBPR), 29 in 2022-23 (DBPR) and 24 in 2018-19 (DBPR). Complaint figures count complaints received and final orders issued in the fiscal year, not appraisers disciplined. No Division report for fiscal year 2017-18 or 2024-25 is listed on DBPR's reports page.

How many appraisers are licensed in Palm Beach, Broward and Martin counties?

Palm Beach County had 424 active appraiser credentials on Nov 5, 2026, Broward County 429 and Martin County 68 (our count of the DBPR file, by the county code on each licence's address of record). Miami-Dade had the most of any county, 524. The county is where the licence address sits, often a home or mailing address, not necessarily where the appraiser works.

Per-capita rates are our calculation: active credentials with that county code divided by the April 1, 2025 population estimates of the Florida Legislature's Office of Economic and Demographic Research, which put Florida at 23,379,261 residents, Palm Beach County at 1,556,161, Broward County at 1,993,535 and Martin County at 166,281 (EDR population estimates). The licence count is 19 months newer than the population estimate.

How many Florida appraiser licences are held from out of state?

11.1% of Florida's active appraiser credentials carried an out-of-state address code on Nov 5, 2026 (our count), and the share was 22.8% for certified general appraisers. Florida also listed 397 current temporary practice permits, which let appraisers licensed elsewhere work a Florida assignment.

Is Florida's trainee pipeline keeping up?

Registered trainees made up 10.3% of Florida's active appraiser credentials on Nov 5, 2026, or one trainee for every 8.7 active certified appraisers (our count). Of the active credentials, 22.4% were first issued before 2000 and 26.6% in 2020 or later, by original licensure date. Because an upgrade from trainee to certified starts a new licence record, the age of a licence is not the age of an appraiser's career; the age of appraisers themselves is a Census survey figure covered in the workforce section.

How many appraisal management companies are registered in Florida?

Florida's appraisal licence file listed 212 active appraisal management company records on Nov 5, 2026 (our count of DBPR code MC, whose record names are appraisal management companies), and 71.2% of them had an out-of-state address code. Florida registers these firms under section 475.6235, Florida Statutes.

How many appraisers are there in the United States?

The Appraisal Subcommittee's National Registry is the federal list of state-credentialed appraisers and appraisal management companies, but its website asks AI crawlers not to read it, so we did not use its counts. BLS's job counts are in the workforce section above. Florida's figures above come from the state's own licence file instead.

What does it take to become a real estate appraiser in Florida and the U.S.?

Under the national minimums in force since January 1, 2026, a certified residential appraiser needs 200 hours of qualifying courses, a college-level education requirement and 1,500 hours of experience over at least 12 months (AQB Criteria). The Appraiser Qualifications Board (AQB) of The Appraisal Foundation, a private nonprofit authorised by Congress, sets these floors; each state must meet or exceed them. A trainee needs 83 hours of qualifying education before applying, a licensed residential appraiser 158 class hours plus 1,000 hours of experience over at least six months, and a certified general appraiser 300 class hours and a bachelor's degree (AQB Criteria). Certified general experience is 3,000 hours over at least 18 months, at least 1,500 of them in non-residential work (AQB Criteria). A certified residential applicant can meet the college requirement in 5 ways, starting with a bachelor's degree in any field (AQB Criteria).

Florida writes its own numbers into statute and rule. The statute requires at least 100 hours of qualifying education for a registered trainee (Fla. Stat. 475.617), 200 classroom hours for certified residential (Fla. Stat. 475.617) and 300 for certified general (Fla. Stat. 475.617). Florida has issued no new licences in the "licensed appraiser" class since July 1, 2003 (Fla. Stat. 475.611), so its entry route runs trainee, then certified residential or certified general.

Florida's statute and its rule disagree on experience. Section 475.617 still prints the AQB's December 2011 criteria: 2,500 hours over 24 months for certified residential (Fla. Stat. 475.617) and 3,000 hours over 30 months for certified general (Fla. Stat. 475.617), as floors the board must "meet or exceed". The board's rule sets the lower, current AQB figures shown in the table. A certified residential applicant using fee work must also document at least 150 appraisal reports (Fla. Admin. Code 61J1-6.001).

The national floors have risen over time. The AQB's 2008 revision lifted qualifying education for certified residential from 120 to 200 hours, and licensed residential from 90 to 150 (AQB Criteria history). The 2026 criteria, adopted June 22, 2023, added an 8-hour course on valuation bias and fair housing law to the core curriculum for every class (AQB Criteria). PAREA, the AQB's simulated-experience route, gives timeline credit: finishing an approved certified residential PAREA program can cover up to 12 of the 18 months needed for certified general (AQB Criteria).

How are appraiser trainees supervised?

One supervisor may oversee at most 3 registered trainees at a time in Florida (Fla. Admin. Code 61J1-4.010), the same cap as the AQB's 3 unless a state runs a progress-monitoring program (AQB Criteria). A Florida supervisor must have been state-certified for at least 3 years (Fla. Admin. Code 61J1-4.010) and must be at each property with the trainee for at least the first six months and 150 hours of logged experience (Fla. Admin. Code 61J1-4.010). The rule defines that as both people at the property at the same time, so a video walk-through does not count toward it.

What does Florida require of appraisers once they are licensed?

Florida appraisers must take 30 hours of continuing education each renewal period, including the 7-hour National USPAP course and 3 hours on Florida law (Fla. Admin. Code 61J1-4.003). The AQB floor is 14 hours a year, or 28 over two years (AQB Criteria). Qualifying courses are passed with 75% on a board-approved exam and may be taught live online or self-paced (Fla. Admin. Code 61J1-4.001). Appraisers must follow the USPAP edition effective January 1, 2024 (Fla. Admin. Code 61J1-9.001), and licences renew at least every 4 years under statute, on a biennial cycle in practice.

Florida's biennial licence fee is $175 for every class (Fla. Admin. Code 61J1-2.001), under a statutory cap of $150 on an appraiser's initial application fee (Fla. Stat. 475.6147). On top of that the state collects an $80 biennial federal registry fee for the Appraisal Subcommittee (Fla. Admin. Code 61J1-2.001), which is two years of the 40-dollar annual cap in federal law (12 U.S.C. 3338). Work files must be kept 5 years or the USPAP period, whichever is longer (Fla. Stat. 475.629). Any advertising that shows an appraiser's services, including television and radio spots and Internet advertising, must carry the appraiser's designation and licence number (Fla. Admin. Code 61J1-7.003).

The appraisers are regulated by the Florida Real Estate Appraisal Board, which has nine members appointed by the Governor (Fla. Stat. 475.613). Four must be appraisers with at least 5 years of practice in Florida, one represents appraisal management companies and three represent the public (Fla. Stat. 475.613).

How are appraisal management companies regulated?

An appraisal management company (AMC) is a firm that oversees a panel of more than 15 appraisers in one state, or 25 or more across states, within a year (Fla. Stat. 475.611). The 2015 federal AMC rule, issued by six agencies, gave states 36 months before AMCs that are not state-registered or federally supervised would be shut out of federally related transactions (Federal Register 2015). The agencies received 256 comment letters on the proposal (Federal Register 2015).

In Florida an AMC pays a $150 application fee and a $300 biennial fee (Fla. Admin. Code 61J1-2.001), plus a federal registry fee of $25 for each appraiser who did a covered appraisal for it in the state the year before (Fla. Admin. Code 61J1-2.001). Neither the statute nor the fee rule sets a surety bond. Every owner of 10 percent or more must be named and fingerprinted (Fla. Stat. 475.6235). The board may fine an AMC up to $5,000 per count, including for acts that impair an appraiser's independence (Fla. Stat. 475.6245).

What do federal rules say about how appraisers are hired and paid?

Lenders and their AMCs must pay fee appraisers a customary and reasonable rate for the property's market under Regulation Z (12 CFR 1026.42). The appraisal independence statute added by the Dodd-Frank Act in 2010 sets civil penalties of up to $10,000 a day for a first violation and $20,000 a day after that (15 U.S.C. 1639e). Borrowers must get a copy of each appraisal on a first-lien home loan promptly, or 3 business days before closing, whichever comes first (12 CFR 1002.14). On a higher-priced mortgage, a home resold within 90 days at a price more than 10 percent above what the seller paid needs a second appraisal (12 CFR 1026.35).

When does a federally regulated loan need an appraisal?

Since 2019, residential loans by federally regulated banks of $400,000 or less need only an evaluation, not an appraisal by a licensed or certified appraiser (Federal Register 2019). The threshold had been $250,000. Commercial loans were raised to $500,000 in 2018 (Federal Register 2018), and a state-certified appraiser is required on any federally related transaction of $1,000,000 or more (12 CFR 34.43). Loans sold to Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, or insured by FHA or VA, follow those programs' own appraisal rules instead.

The agencies estimated from 2017 HMDA data that the higher residential threshold would newly exempt 214,000 transactions (Federal Register 2019) and lift the exempt share of regulated dollar volume to about 35 percent (Federal Register 2019). Those counts cover only loans that banks keep or sell outside the GSE and government programs. The residential proposal drew over 560 comments, with appraisers generally opposed (Federal Register 2019); the commercial one drew over 200 (Federal Register 2018).

What does the 2024 rule on automated valuation models require?

Since October 1, 2025, lenders and secondary-market issuers that use automated valuation models (AVMs) to value a borrower's home must have quality controls for confidence, data integrity, conflicts of interest, random testing and nondiscrimination (Federal Register 2024). Six agencies issued the rule after about 50 public comments (Federal Register 2024). The OCC estimated a cost of $23,040 a year for each of about 590 small banks it supervises (Federal Register 2024); the FDIC put first-year work at 120 hours per covered small institution (Federal Register 2024); the NCUA capped the total for credit unions at 5,874 hours (Federal Register 2024). These are the agencies' own estimates.

What do FHA and VA require of appraisers?

FHA puts only state-certified appraisers on its Appraiser Roster; appraisers licensed before October 1, 2009 who later certify must set up a new user ID (HUD). Under a December 2025 Mortgagee Letter, HUD can remove an appraiser from the roster for up to 12 months (HUD Mortgagee Letter 2025-24).

VA assigns its own fee-panel appraisers. When the value looks likely to fall below the contract price, the appraiser must allow 2 business days for more sales data, the "Tidewater Procedure" (VA Lenders Handbook ch. 10). VA reviews a reconsideration of value within 5 business days, and a field review within 20 business days (VA Lenders Handbook ch. 10). Since July 2022 VA has accepted desktop and exterior-only appraisals on some purchase loans when the veteran puts at least 20 percent down or the order has gone unassigned for more than 7 business days (VA Circular 26-22-13). Both VA documents were read through Internet Archive captures because VA's site blocks scripted requests.

How often do home appraisals come in below the contract price?

In 2023, 8.6% of purchase appraisals on single-family homes financed through Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac came in below the contract price, 25.3% matched it and 66.1% came in above it (our calculation from FHFA's Uniform Appraisal Dataset Aggregate Statistics). The count is FHFA's, covers only Enterprise purchase loans that used an appraisal, and runs 2013 Q1-2024 Q3 quarterly with annual totals to 2023 in files released December 18, 2024 (FHFA UAD Aggregate Statistics). No 2024 annual file had been published by November 2026.

The low-appraisal share moves with the market. It peaked at 15.2% in 2021, when bidding wars pushed contract prices past what comparable sales supported, against 6.8% in 2019 (our calculation). Over the whole 2013 Q1 to 2023 Q4 span, FHFA staff counted 9.2 percent of Enterprise purchase appraisals below contract price, 25.9% equal and 64.8% above (FHFA Stats Blog).

Florida runs higher. In 2023, 11.7% of Florida's Enterprise purchase appraisals came in below contract price, 3.1 percentage points above the national share, while 68.7% came in above it (our calculation). Florida's 193,948 purchase appraisals were 9.3% of the U.S. total that year.

How many appraisals do Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac loans generate now?

Enterprise purchase appraisals fell 39.8% from 2021 to 2023, from 3,452,250 to 2,079,760, as mortgage rates rose (our calculation from FHFA counts). Refinance appraisals fell further, by 81.5% to 659,942 (our calculation). These counts exclude loans that closed with no appraisal at all under the Enterprises' waiver programs.

Who looks at the home under desktop, hybrid and waiver options?

Since 2022 Fannie Mae has offered four routes, and in two of them no appraiser visits the house. The rules below are Fannie Mae Selling Guide text as of the version dates shown; Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have been in federal conservatorship since 2008.

• Desktop appraisal. The appraiser's minimum scope "does not include a current inspection of the subject property or comparable sales" on Form 1004 Desktop (Fannie Mae Selling Guide B4-1.2-02). It is limited to one-unit principal-residence purchases with a loan-to-value ratio of 90% or less and a DU Approve/Eligible result (Fannie Mae). Digital photos or videos and machine-generated floor plans may feed the report (Fannie Mae). Loans scoring 2.5 or less in Collateral Underwriter get relief on certain value warranties (Fannie Mae). The topic's announcement history starts with SEL-2022-01 on February 2, 2022 (Fannie Mae).
• Hybrid appraisal. An appraiser values the home from interior and exterior data gathered by a trained and vetted third party such as a real estate agent or insurance inspector (Fannie Mae Selling Guide B4-1.2-03). The collector is reported as one of six workforce types: appraiser, appraiser trainee, real estate agent, home inspector, insurance inspector or other (Fannie Mae). Hybrids cover existing one-unit homes including condos, owner-occupied or not, on purchases and refinances (Fannie Mae).
• Value acceptance + property data. No appraisal; a trained collector records the interior and exterior, including photos and an ANSI-standard floor plan (Fannie Mae Selling Guide B4-1.4-11). The collection is valid for 12 months (Fannie Mae), and lenders must vet collectors through an annual background check (Fannie Mae).
• Value acceptance (appraisal waiver). No appraisal and no visit. Fannie Mae generally needs a prior appraisal of the property in its Collateral Underwriter data (Fannie Mae Selling Guide B4-1.4-10), excludes prices or estimated values of $1,000,000 or more (Fannie Mae), and the offer must be no more than four months old at closing (Fannie Mae). The policy's announcement list goes back to SEL-2019-07 in August 2019 (Fannie Mae).

Where a full appraisal is used, the home must be appraised within 12 months of the note date, with an exterior-inspection update after four months (Fannie Mae Selling Guide B4-1.2-04).

What does Freddie Mac say appraisal waivers save?

Freddie Mac says borrowers who use its ACE appraisal waiver skip an appraisal fee averaging $600 and that ACE had saved borrowers more than $2.3B as of September 2025 (Freddie Mac). It says ACE purchase loans closed 14 days faster on average than loans with appraisal reports as of Q2 2025 (Freddie Mac). Under ACE+ PDR, data collectors visit on-site and file a standard property data report instead of an appraisal (Freddie Mac); Freddie Mac puts that report at $200 against $600 for an appraisal (Freddie Mac) and says those purchase loans closed 12 days faster (Freddie Mac). These are Freddie Mac's own figures for its own product, and the pages do not state the method.

What did Freddie Mac find on appraisal gaps by neighbourhood race?

Freddie Mac's September 2021 research note found 12.5% of purchase appraisals in Black-majority census tracts came in below the contract price, against 7.4% in White tracts, a 5.2-point gap (Freddie Mac research note). Its economists used more than 12 million purchase appraisals submitted from January 2015 to December 2020 (Freddie Mac). In Latino-majority tracts the share was 15.4%, an 8.0-point gap (Freddie Mac), against 8.3% across all 12,752,779 appraisals (Freddie Mac).

The gap shrank but stayed when Freddie Mac looked at the buyer rather than the tract: 9.5% of Latino applicants and 8.6% of Black applicants got an appraisal below the contract price in 2016-2020, against 6.5% of White applicants (Freddie Mac) (Freddie Mac). The note says observable factors explain only part of the gap and does not name a cause. The PDF now returns 404 at freddiemac.com; the figures come from an Internet Archive copy.

What did Fannie Mae find on refinance appraisals?

Fannie Mae's February 2022 study of 1.8 million refinance appraisals from 2019 and 2020 found Black borrowers on average got slightly lower appraisals relative to automated valuation models, and white-owned homes were overvalued more often (Fannie Mae). Six Southeastern states held nearly 50 percent of the overvalued white-owned homes in majority-Black neighbourhoods (Fannie Mae). The benchmark is an automated model, so the study measures divergence from the model, not proven bias.

Did the gap narrow after the PAVE task force?

FHFA staff found the gap narrowed after the PAVE Action Plan, mostly because low appraisals rose in white-majority tracts. The federal task force on Property Appraisal and Valuation Equity was created in June 2021 and released its plan on March 23, 2022 (FHFA). Comparing 2013 Q1-2021 Q2 with 2022 Q2-2023 Q4, the low-appraisal gap between Black-majority and white-majority tracts fell from 6.0 to 3.8 percentage points, and the Hispanic/Latino gap fell from 8.3 to 5.1 points (FHFA Stats Blog). In the later period 9.0% of appraisals in white-majority tracts were low, up from 7.4%, against 12.8% in Black-majority and 14.2% in Hispanic/Latino-majority tracts (FHFA). The analysis covered 27.7 million Enterprise purchase appraisals (FHFA). FHFA says more work is needed to show whether PAVE caused the change.

FHFA's earlier August 2023 analysis of 25.9 million purchase appraisals (FHFA) found 8.1 percent were low in white tracts from 2013 Q1 to 2023 Q1, against 13.4% in minority tracts and 16.5% in high-minority tracts (FHFA Stats Blog). A later FHFA Insights post found tracts 50.1-80% minority had a higher undervaluation share than both high-minority and white tracts (FHFA Insights). Both blog URLs now return "Page Not Found" on fhfa.gov; they are cited from Internet Archive copies.

How large is the appraisal gap in Florida?

Florida's gap is about three times the national one. In 2023, 20.8% of Enterprise purchase appraisals in Black-majority Florida tracts came in below contract price, against 8.8% in white-majority tracts, a 12.0-point gap (our calculation from FHFA's UAD files). In Hispanic-majority Florida tracts the share was 21.8% (our calculation). FHFA named Florida as one of three states where the Hispanic/Latino gap widened after the PAVE plan (FHFA).

All shares are our calculation from FHFA's UAD Aggregate Statistics annual files. The national Black-white gap was 5.6 points in 2019 and 3.5 points in 2023; nationally the Hispanic-white gap was 5.2 points in 2023.

What did FHFA change after PAVE?

FHFA and HUD set up a working group in June 2023 to write consistent reconsideration of value standards (FHFA). FHFA announced on 05/01/2024 that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac had published the resulting policies (FHFA news release), which tell lenders how to disclose the process to borrowers and set response expectations for appraisers.

What did independent researchers find about appraisal bias?

The largest independent study, by sociologists Elizabeth Korver-Glenn (Washington University in St. Louis) and Junia Howell (University of Illinois Chicago), found in 2022 that homes in white U.S. neighbourhoods are appraised at double the value of comparable homes in communities of color, a 75% rise in that gap over a decade (WashU). They used FHFA's public Uniform Appraisal Dataset: 47.3 million single-family market appraisals from 2013 to mid-2022, compared tract by tract within metro areas of more than 500,000 people. By their estimate the gap grew by $6,000 a year from 1980 to 2015 and by $18,000 a year in the last decade.

The pandemic boom widened it. Over 2020-2022 the average home in a white neighbourhood rose $136,000 in appraised value, against $60,000 for a comparable home in a community of color. In the hottest markets, including Miami, the gap grew by $91,000, or 43% (WashU). In 2021, homes in white neighbourhoods were appraised over three times more valuable than comparable homes in similar American Indian and Alaska Native neighbourhoods of the same metro.

The earlier baseline came from Brookings in 2018. Andre Perry, Jonathan Rothwell and David Harshbarger compared owner-estimated values and Zillow listing prices in the 113 metro areas that have at least one majority-Black neighbourhood (Brookings). Homes of similar quality with similar amenities were worth 23 percent less in majority-Black neighbourhoods, or $48,000 per home, a cumulative $156 billion (Brookings). Those neighbourhoods hold $609 billion in owner-occupied housing. Brookings measured market values, not appraisals, so the study frames the problem rather than isolating appraisers.

What did the Philadelphia Fed find on low purchase appraisals?

In a 2018 Philadelphia Fed working paper, only 6% of 1.3 million home purchase appraisals made in 2013-2015 were below the contract price, and close to 30% matched the price exactly (Philadelphia Fed). The authors, Paul Calem, Lauren Lambie-Hanson, Leonard Nakamura and Jeanna Kenney, used one GSE's underwriting data and argue that appraisers' incentives push values toward the agreed price. That low base rate is why small differences between neighbourhoods matter: the GSE research notes on this page measure gaps of a few percentage points on a rate that starts near one in ten.

Lenders' collateral denials show a similar pattern by race. Illinois REALTORS and a University of Chicago researcher found Black mortgage applicants in Illinois twice as likely as white applicants to be denied for lack of collateral, 8.7% against 3.5%, in HMDA data for 2007-2020 (Illinois REALTORS and UChicago). HMDA does not record appraised values, and the association's members depend on appraisals coming in at contract, so treat it as a proxy.

Are automated valuation models any fairer?

Not on their own, in the Urban Institute's tests. Michael Neal, Sarah Strochak, Linna Zhu and Caitlin Young compared one AVM's estimates with sale prices in Atlanta, Memphis and Washington, DC from 2000 to 2018 (Urban Institute). The AVM's percentage error was 20 percentage points larger in majority-Black neighbourhoods when only the county was held constant. After controlling for home values, neighbourhood conditions and turnover, the gap shrank to 3.1 percentage points but stayed statistically significant: $4,340 of extra error on a $140,000 home. Dollar errors were larger in white neighbourhoods; lower prices make the same dollar miss a bigger share of value in Black neighbourhoods.

Historic redlining shows up in the models too. In 2018 Atlanta sales, Neal, Vanessa Perry and Zhu found 76.9 percent of sales in 1930s HOLC "Hazardous" areas were in majority-Black neighbourhoods (AREUEA summary). AVM error averaged 43.1 percent in redlined majority-Black neighbourhoods, against 31.1 percent in all majority-Black and 12.5 percent in all majority-white neighbourhoods. Redlined areas carried a 49.3 percent price undervaluation and 5.7 percentage points more AVM error after controls. That matters for the 2024 AVM quality-control rule covered in the rules section.

What have fair-housing cases on appraisals involved?

Federal enforcement on appraisals grew from one settlement in 2021 to a lawsuit against a lender, an AMC and an appraiser in 2024. Each case involves one home; together they show how the Fair Housing Act now reaches appraisers, AMCs and lenders that rely on a disputed value.

• Chicago, 2021: JPMorgan Chase agreed in a HUD conciliation agreement to pay $50,000 to a Black homeowner and to train staff on the Reconsideration of Value process, without admitting a violation (HUD).
• Marin City, California, 2022: in Austin v. Miller, the homeowners alleged a $995,000 appraisal, and a second appraiser set the value at $1,482,500 weeks later; the Justice Department told the court the Fair Housing Act covers appraisers (DOJ statement of interest). The private case settled in 2023 for an undisclosed sum.
• Baltimore, 2023: in Connolly v. Lanham, the homeowners alleged an appraisal of $472,000 led loanDepot to deny a refinance; a later appraiser valued the home at $750,000 (DOJ and CFPB statement of interest). On August 2, 2023 the court agreed a lender breaks the law by relying on an appraisal it knows or should know is discriminatory (DOJ).
• Denver, 2024: HUD charged an appraiser, his firm, the AMC Solidifi and Rocket Mortgage on July 15, 2024 (HUD). The Justice Department's complaint says the appraisal was $220,000 below an appraisal eight months earlier, more than 25 percent lower (DOJ complaint). The court denied Rocket's and Solidifi's motions to dismiss on September 12, 2025 (DOJ).
• The Appraisal Foundation, 2024: settling a HUD complaint that its experience requirement kept Black people and other people of color out of the profession, the foundation agreed to fund $1.22 million in PAREA scholarships; HUD made no findings (HUD).

Which studies measure appraisal bias, and how?

None of these studies sees inside a single appraiser's reasoning. Each compares values across neighbourhoods or against a benchmark (a sale price, an AVM, a later appraisal) and attributes the remaining gap to race after controls, so the size of the estimate depends on which controls the authors chose.

What do Fannie Mae's and Freddie Mac's annual reports say about appraisal waivers?

Freddie Mac's 2021 annual report gives the only waiver shares in either company's recent 10-Ks: ACE appraisal waivers rose from about 11% of its single-family loan acquisitions in 2019 to 40% in 2020 and averaged 39% in 2021 (Freddie Mac 10-K, fiscal 2021). Freddie Mac has let sellers close certain eligible loans without a traditional appraisal, using its automated collateral evaluation, since June 2017 (Freddie Mac 10-K, fiscal 2021). Its fiscal 2020 report said ACE waiver usage increased substantially during 2020 and that it tracks its waivers against Fannie Mae's (Freddie Mac 10-K, fiscal 2020). The shares come from Freddie Mac itself, cover the loans it bought, and do not say whether they count loans or dollars.

Neither company's fiscal 2025 10-K, filed in February 2026, prints a waiver, value acceptance or desktop appraisal share. Freddie Mac's 2025 report describes limited representation and warranty relief for loans that pass automated checks of appraisal quality and collateral valuation (Freddie Mac 10-K, fiscal 2025). Fannie Mae's fiscal 2018 report is the first 10-K found that uses "appraisal waiver" about home loans: it lists relief on property value for lenders that exercise the appraisal waiver option (Fannie Mae 10-K, fiscal 2018).

On October 28, 2024 FHFA widened waiver eligibility for purchase loans at both companies from an 80% to a 90% maximum loan-to-value ratio, and for waivers with a property data report from 80% to program limits such as 97% for Freddie Mac's Home Possible loans (Freddie Mac 10-K, fiscal 2024). The mortgage insurer Radian reports that the GSEs put this in place in the first quarter of 2025, with full waivers up to 90% LTV and property-data-report waivers up to 97% LTV (Radian 10-K, fiscal 2025), and describes a property data report as a visual observation of the inside and outside of the home (Radian 10-K, fiscal 2025). Freddie Mac scored its 2024 goal on appraisal bias under the PAVE action plan as met, citing appraisal waiver expansion among the changes (Freddie Mac 10-K, fiscal 2024).

When did desktop appraisals enter Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac rules?

Desktop appraisals began as a COVID-19 flexibility in March 2020 and became a permanent Fannie Mae option for certain purchase loans in early 2022. Fannie Mae offered the desktop option from March 2020 through May 2021, and FHFA said in October 2021 it would join the Selling Guide in early 2022 (Fannie Mae 10-K, fiscal 2021). Freddie Mac's fiscal 2020 report said its desktop and exterior-only appraisal flexibilities had been extended to applications dated on or before February 28, 2021 (Freddie Mac 10-K, fiscal 2020); its next report said they did not apply to applications dated on or after June 1, 2021 (Freddie Mac 10-K, fiscal 2021).

Both companies' 2025 reports cite the August 2024 interagency rule on quality control for automated valuation models: Fannie Mae counts FHFA and five other agencies (Fannie Mae 10-K, fiscal 2025), Freddie Mac six agencies including FHFA (Freddie Mac 10-K, fiscal 2025). For its own accounts, Fannie Mae values collateral with an internal model of four sub-models, one an AVM imputation model (Fannie Mae 10-K, fiscal 2025). Appraisals backed fair values of $231 million of multifamily loans at the end of 2025 ($448 million a year earlier), and accepted offers and appraisals backed $139 million of single-family foreclosed homes ($74 million) (Fannie Mae 10-K, fiscal 2025).

What do listed lenders and mortgage insurers disclose about appraisals?

Rocket Companies is the only listed lender found that prints an appraisal revenue figure: $41 million in 2025, $36 million in 2024 and $40 million in 2023 (Rocket Companies 10-K, fiscal 2025). The figure is net of outside appraisers' fees when a third-party appraiser does the work, so it is not total appraisal spending. Rocket Close, formerly Amrock, is Rocket's title, settlement and appraisal management company (Rocket Companies 10-K, fiscal 2025).

• UWM launched UWM Appraisal Direct in 2021 to engage appraisers directly instead of through an appraisal management company (UWM Holdings 10-K, fiscal 2025). A class complaint filed on December 16, 2025 in Broward County, Florida accuses two appraisal management companies used on UWM loans of deceptive practices; these are allegations (UWM Holdings 10-K, fiscal 2025).
• loanDepot says that, as a lender, it does not control the appraisal process but has faced investigations and borrower claims about appraisal bias (loanDepot 10-K, fiscal 2025).
• Radian Valuation Services, Radian's appraisal management company, was licensed in 49 states and the District of Columbia at the end of 2025 (Radian 10-K, fiscal 2025), against all 50 in its 2021 report (Radian 10-K, fiscal 2021). Radian accepts GSE waivers and, where allowed, desktop appraisals with no inspection of the home, and lists this as a risk (Radian 10-K, fiscal 2025).
• MGIC accepts GSE appraisal waivers and flexibilities without an onsite or interior inspection, and says this may affect its pricing and risk assessment (MGIC 10-K, fiscal 2025).
• The Delaware bank holding company WSFS says independent licensed or certified appraisers value every home securing its residential loans, except where Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac grants an appraisal waiver (WSFS 10-K, fiscal 2025).
• Radian's fiscal 2020 10-K, filed in 2021, is the first 10-K found that names "hybrid appraisal" (Radian 10-K, fiscal 2020); its 2021 report defines hybrid appraisals as appraisals in which licensed appraisers add technology-enabled valuation services (Radian 10-K, fiscal 2021).

How accurate does Zillow say the Zestimate is?

Zillow reports that during 2025 the Zestimate had a median error rate of 1.8% for homes listed for sale and 7.2% for off-market homes (Zillow Group 10-K, fiscal 2025). These are Zillow's own measurements of its own product. Zillow's database covers about 173 million U.S. homes (Zillow Group 10-K, fiscal 2025), and the company states that the Zestimate comes from automated valuation models and it is not an appraisal (Zillow Group 10-K, fiscal 2025). Zillow lists home appraisal services among businesses it may explore (Zillow Group 10-K, fiscal 2025). Opendoor says it uses machine learning models to appraise and price the homes it buys and sells, without licensed appraisers being named (Opendoor 10-K, fiscal 2025).

How often do 10-K filings name appraisal waivers, desktop appraisals and AVMs?

Automated valuation models are by far the most common of the five terms: 30 Form 10-Ks filed in 2025 named one, against a peak of 36 in 2012 and 1 in 2003 (our count of EDGAR full-text search). 108 companies filed the 500 such 10-Ks over 2001-2025, more than half of them banks and thrifts (our count). The first, filed in 2003 by Fidelity National Information Solutions, described its ValueSure AVM and records for more than 150 million properties (Fidelity National Information Solutions 10-K, fiscal 2002).

Appraisal waivers stay rare in annual reports even after the GSEs expanded them: 5 Form 10-Ks filed in 2025 used the phrase, the most of any year, and only 8 companies used it over 2001-2025 (our count). "Hybrid appraisal" appears in 5 10-Ks, all Radian's (our count). Filings naming desktop appraisals peaked at 10 in 2022, but many matches are loan agreements that require desktop appraisals of inventory, ships or equipment; banks, the GSEs, mortgage lenders and insurers filed 14 of the 31 matches in 2021-2025, against 3 of 72 in 2001-2020 (our count).

Appraisal management companies appeared in 17 Form 10-Ks filed in 2025, against 2 in 2010 and 5 in 2011, after the Dodd-Frank Act set rules for these firms (our count). 46 companies named them over 2001-2025 (our count). The first, filed in 2005 by First Mariner Bancorp, said its unit FM Appraisals began operating in the fourth quarter of 2003 (First Mariner Bancorp 10-K, fiscal 2004). Across all five terms there were 57 matches in 2025 filings, against 23 in 2010 (our count).

Counts are distinct Form 10-K filings (amendments excluded) returned by EDGAR full-text search for each exact phrase, singular and plural merged, by filing year; a 2025 filing mostly reports on fiscal 2024 (our count). A filing counts whether the phrase sits in a business description or a credit-agreement exhibit. Private appraisal management companies and the Canadian-listed Real Matters file no 10-K. The full yearly table and filer list are in edgar-appraisal-10k-counts.csv and edgar-appraisal-10k-filers.csv.

How do new appraisers get the experience hours a licence needs?

The Appraisal Foundation names three primary pathways to the experience hours a licence requires: working as a trainee under a certified supervisor, PAREA (a simulated, mentored program run by independent providers) and an AQB practicum course (The Appraisal Foundation). Through PAREA a Licensed Residential candidate can earn up to 100% of the required hours (The Appraisal Foundation). States decide whether to accept it. As of August 2025 the Foundation's own informal tracking counted approximately 51 states and territories that recognise PAREA or are writing rules to do so (The Appraisal Foundation). The Foundation sells USPAP publications and courses; the Appraisal Institute, which also appears below, sells membership and runs its own PAREA programs.

Much of the money for new entrants comes as scholarships from these same bodies:

• The Appraisal Foundation says it is funding $1.22 million over three years for its Pathways to Success Scholarship, which pays PAREA enrolment costs (The Appraisal Foundation).
• By August 28, 2025, 42 Licensed Residential scholarships funded this way had been awarded in 2025, according to the Appraisal Institute (Appraisal Institute).
• The Appraisal Institute Education and Relief Foundation offers a $4,500 scholarship toward the PAREA registration fee (Appraisal Institute).
• The Appraiser Development Initiative says it awards 100+ scholarships a year (Appraisal Institute). Its 2023 fact sheet counted over 400 scholarships since inception and more than 40 winners working in the profession, a count of people working, not of credentials earned (ADI fact sheet).
• In October 2026 the Appraisal Institute opened a $1,000 Next Mission tuition award for veterans (Appraisal Institute).

The Appraisal Institute describes itself as representing valuation professionals in nearly 50 countries; its pages print no member count (Appraisal Institute). Licence and trainee counts are in the registry section, and how old the workforce is, in the workforce section.

What does VA pay for an appraisal in Florida, and how fast must it be done?

VA's maximum fee for a single-family appraisal in Florida's statewide row is $700, with a timeliness standard of 7 business days, in the table effective May 1, 2026 (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs). These are the fees VA sets for its own fee-panel appraisers, not market prices. Palm Beach and Martin counties are not named in a sub-row, so the statewide row applies. Broward is grouped with 14 other counties at the same fee and 6 business days (VA). Ten rural counties, including Monroe and Okeechobee, carry $800 and 10 business days (VA).

What do appraisers say about fees, AMCs and turn times?

Fee pressure was the top business challenge for appraisers in the National Association of REALTORS® 2025 Appraisal Issues Survey, named by 48% (NAR). NAR surveyed its own members in October 2025: 2,711 responded, 1,329 of them appraisers, a 2.7% response rate (NAR). NAR sells membership, and its appraiser members are not all U.S. appraisers.

• Technology fees: 37% named them in 2025, up from 26% in 2023 (NAR).
• AMC requests for revisions: 35%, up from 28% (NAR).
• New UAD appraisal reporting: 23%, the fourth-largest challenge (NAR).
• Working area: the typical appraiser covers a 40-mile radius, down from 45 miles in 2023 (NAR), and 55% are asked at least monthly to work outside the area or property type they know best (NAR).

On speed, NAR respondents put the median at 10 calendar days from contract acceptance to a completed report, down from 11 in 2023 and 14 in 2022; appraisers said 7 days and other members 14 (NAR). Only 18% saw appraisal delays in their market, against 35% in 2022 (NAR). Among those who did, 73% put cutting out appraisal management companies in their top three remedies (NAR). Of appraisers practising before 2010, 46% said the process is worse since HVCC and Dodd-Frank (NAR). On the agent side, 45% of non-appraiser members had had a deal fall through because of an appraisal at some point (NAR).

Fees are moving with the new form. In Working RE's 2026 survey of about 1,800 appraisers, 64.29 percent planned to raise fees for UAD 3.6 assignments (Working RE). By mid-March 2026 only 55 of 1,798 respondents had completed a UAD 3.6 appraisal (Working RE). Working RE is published by OREP Insurance, which sells E&O insurance to appraisers, and its readers skew older and more experienced. The same survey split 51.29 percent for and 48.71 percent against dropping the degree requirement for Certified Residential (Working RE).

Where do photos, video and remote inspections fit?

Nearly all appraisers still inspect in person: 99% of NAR's 2025 appraiser respondents had done an in-person appraisal and 91% a drive-by, while 35% had done a hybrid, where someone else collects the property data and the appraiser never enters (NAR). Appraisers rated their comfort with traditional appraisals at 4.56 out of five and were uncomfortable with every alternative tested except drive-bys (NAR). Working RE's 2026 survey found 67.30 percent had never done a hybrid, 17.69 percent did them as a regular practice and 65.48 percent were not open to them (Working RE). 41.24 percent used AI tools such as ChatGPT (Working RE). In March 2025 the Appraisal Institute pushed back on Freddie Mac research favouring hybrids, noting that data collectors use an app-based tool and a GSE checklist and face no uniform training or licensing rules (Appraisal Institute, March 13, 2025).

Remote valuation entered government lending in 2020. VA issued Circular 26-20-11 on March 27, 2020 (VA). Its replacement two weeks later allowed Exterior-Only appraisals, with photos of all sides of the house and a phone interview, on loans up to one and a half times the 2020 conforming loan limit, and Desktop appraisals only where lockdowns kept appraisers home (VA). It also capped purchase reconsiderations of value at 7 percent or $10,000 (VA). FHA's Mortgagee Letter 2020-05 of the same day as VA's first circular allowed Exterior-Only or Desktop-Only scopes for inspections completed on or before May 17, 2020 (HUD).

Some of it stayed. VA's Assisted Appraisal Processing Program, in place since January 1, 2020, lets a fee-panel appraiser send a designee to view the home and gather data (VA). Since July 2022 VA accepts Exterior-only or Desktop appraisals on some single-family purchases when the Veteran puts down at least 20 percent or the request has gone unassigned for more than 7 business days, and it encourages third-party platforms that help appraisers gather property information (VA). Since July 2023, 3 documented calls, texts or emails over two working days can replace a door knock before an exterior-only liquidation appraisal (VA). Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac rules on desktop, hybrid and property data collection are in the GSE section.

What do the popular appraiser numbers really say?

Three numbers that appraisal pages repeat trace back to narrower sources than the repeats suggest: an average appraiser age of 55 to 60 that no Appraisal Institute document we found measured; a share of appraisals "coming in low" that moves between about 7% and 20% with the year, the data seller and the definition; and a video vendor's client tests behind "video lifts conversions 80%". Each claim below gives the claim as repeated, where it came from, what the original measured, and what to use instead.

"The average appraiser is 55, or 60" and "appraiser numbers fell 20% since 2007"

The claim as repeated. In July 2015 two U.S. senators wrote to The Appraisal Foundation that, according to the Appraisal Institute, the average U.S. appraiser was 55 years old (Senator Rounds, 2015) and that residential appraisers had declined nearly 19 percent between 2007 and 2014 (Senator Rounds, 2015). Inman, a real estate trade publication, gave the average as 53 in January 2017 (Inman, 2017). A HousingWire opinion piece put it at around 60 in July 2017, citing the Appraisal Institute's research (HousingWire, 2017). Oregon's House Joint Memorial 3 of 2017 said the Appraisal Institute reported that in 2016 more than 62 percent of appraisers were 51 or older (Oregon Legislature, 2017) and that appraiser numbers had fallen by nearly 23 percent since 2007 (Oregon Legislature, 2017). HousingWire had already written in November 2015 that Sixty-two percent of appraisers are 51 and older (HousingWire, 2015). The repeats continue: a March 2025 column in the New England Real Estate Journal says 60% of appraisers are over 50 (NEREJ, 2025), the Maine Credit Union League told Maine legislators in April 2025 that more than 70% are over 50 (Maine Credit Union League, 2025), and Working RE, a magazine published by an insurance broker for appraisers, wrote in May 2026 of a 21 percent drop from 2008 to 2017 (Working RE, 2026).

Where it came from. The oldest dated form we found is a February 2012 Valuation Review feature. It reported the Appraisal Institute's statement that the average real estate appraiser was approximately 51 years old (Valuation Review, 2012) and its projection that retirements, exits and few entrants could cut appraiser numbers by 25 to 35 percent in five to 10 years (Valuation Review, 2012). Neither came with a survey or method. In April 2013 the Appraisal Institute said more than half of appraisers were aged 51 to 65 (National Mortgage Professional, 2013) and that, by its analysis of the Appraisal Subcommittee's National Registry, the number of appraisers had fallen 15 percent since 2007 (National Mortgage Professional, 2013). Its July 2014 release repeated that the decline could speed up over the next five to 10 years (Appraisal Institute, 2014), with no rate attached.

What the originals measured. The "62% are 51 or older" figure is the sum of two age bands from Appraisal Institute surveys: 51 percent aged 51 to 65 and 11 percent aged 66 or older (National Mortgage Professional, 2014). The Institute's fact sheet for December 31, 2014 says those bands came from a 2014 survey of 1,451 randomly selected members and nonmembers (Appraisal Institute fact sheet, 2014 capture). The same sheet is the earliest source we found for a cumulative decline of 20 percent since 2007, counted from the ASC National Registry (Appraisal Institute fact sheet, 2014 capture). The decline percentages count credential holders against the 2007 peak, and they rise as the end year moves: 15% to 2012, 20% to 2014, 23% by 2016. No Appraisal Institute document we found gives an average age of 55 or 60. Its newest sheet, from August 2023, rests on a 2022 survey that contacted 26,446 valuation professionals and got 2,631 responses (Appraisal Institute, 2023). Of those respondents, 23% were over 65 (Appraisal Institute, 2023) and 43.2% were 50 to 65 (Appraisal Institute, 2023). The same sheet lowered its estimate of unique appraisers by about 8,000 because the registry has no unique identifier per person and the Institute refined its method (Appraisal Institute, 2023). That was a change of method, but the 2025 column read it as 8,000 appraisers leaving. The Appraisal Foundation's 2021 diversity survey had 4,714 people reach its end, out of 64,000 invited (The Appraisal Foundation, 2021). Its age chart prints no shares in the text we could read. State bank regulators cited the Appraisal Institute's count of 73,731 appraisers at the end of 2016 and found shortages in certain, mostly rural, areas rather than nationwide (CSBS). An Appraisal Institute member's January 2018 column put the fall at roughly 20% from 2007 (NEREJ, 2018).

What to use instead. For headcount, use the Appraisal Subcommittee and Florida licence counts in the registry section of this page. They count credentials, and one person can hold several, so state which count is meant. For age, the household survey (CPS) figures for "Appraisers and assessors of real estate" in the workforce section count working people, though they include government tax assessors. Survey shares from the Appraisal Institute describe the people who answered an association's questionnaire. Quote them as "of respondents to a 2022 Appraisal Institute survey", not as the average age of all appraisers. Working RE's 120,000 and 96,000 are well above every Appraisal Institute estimate of unique appraisers and look like credential counts.

"8%" (or 10%, 13%, 15%, 17%, 20%) "of appraisals come in low"

The claim as repeated. Clear Capital, an appraisal management and valuation company, reposts a 2020 HomeLight story in which its chief appraiser echoes a 10% estimate and another appraiser guesses one in five (Clear Capital, 2020). The Basis Point, a mortgage newsletter, wrote in October 2021 that CoreLogic data show about 13% of appraisals, 1 in 8, are below the purchase price (The Basis Point, 2021). HousingWire reported in October 2014 that Platinum Data Solutions, which sells valuation technology, found more than 17% of appraisals below contract in data uploaded to its free review site (HousingWire, 2014). NAR's headline "Low Appraisals Stall 23% of Home Sales" reports that 23 percent of contracts in its REALTORS Confidence Index survey were delayed by appraisal issues (NAR, 2021). That is a share of delayed deals, not a share of appraisals.

Where it came from. The "8%" form traces to Fannie Mae's own research. A June 2016 working paper found that 8.2 percent of appraisals for purchase transactions from September 2011 to August 2012 came in 2 percent or more below the contract price (Fannie Mae, 2016). The same paper found a low appraisal raised the chance that the buyer renegotiated from 8 percent to 51 percent (Fannie Mae, 2016). That second "8 percent" is a renegotiation rate, not a share of appraisals. The 10% to 13% forms come from CoreLogic, a property data and valuation seller. Its researcher put below-contract appraisals at 11.3 percent nationwide in 2015 through November 2016 (Mortgage News Daily, 2017). In Florida the rate was 19.6 percent, against 21.9 percent in 2012 (Mortgage News Daily, 2017). The 13% is CoreLogic's August 2021 figure, down from a high of 19.7% in May 2021 during bidding wars. CoreLogic called January 2020's 7.3% more typical (Pro Builder, 2021).

What the originals measured. All are shares of purchase appraisals, and the definitions differ. Fannie Mae's 2020 paper, with about 3.1 million purchase appraisals from 2013 to 2018, counts any shortfall and finds a below-contract appraisal 8.5 percent of the time (Fannie Mae, 2020). Only 9.5 percent of delivered loans were renegotiated below contract (Fannie Mae, 2020), and 29.3 percent of appraisals landed exactly on the contract price (Fannie Mae, 2020). The rate moves with the market: work by Ding and Nakamura that the paper summarises shows 4 to 6 percent in 2006-2007 and a peak of about 15 percent in 2009 (Fannie Mae, 2020). Philadelphia Fed economists found less than 10% of appraisals below contract in two datasets (Philadelphia Fed, 2017). CoreLogic's monthly shares come from appraisals ordered through its own systems, and Platinum's from a free upload site, so neither is a national sample.

What to use instead. For a current national or Florida rate, use FHFA's Uniform Appraisal Dataset aggregate statistics in the GSE section of this page. They count appraisals on loans delivered to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac by year and state, split into below, at and above contract. Always give the year, the threshold (any amount, or 2% or more) and whether the base is all purchase appraisals or only loans that closed.

"Video lifts conversions 80%"

The claim as repeated. Inman's real estate technology reviewer wrote in August 2021 that adding video to landing pages, according to OneMob's research, raises conversion by 80 percent, adding that he did not verify the figure (Inman, 2021). WellcomeMat, which sells a real estate video platform, says lead conversions for listings with video are up 80% (WellcomeMat), with no sample, period or method. We found no OneMob study with that figure.

Where it came from. The trail starts with EyeView, which made and tested videos for its clients. A blog post of December 4, 2008 said visitors to eToro's site who viewed EyeView's video were 20% more likely to download the product. That compared viewers with non-viewers, who chose for themselves whether to watch (EyeView, 2009 capture). The first 80% figure we found is in a post of February 10, 2009: viewers of EyeView's videos for UMOO were 80% more likely to become depositing users, the same kind of comparison (EyeView). In November 2009 a TutorVista manager said the first test on one landing page "boosted conversion by over 80 percent" (EyeView). EyeView's case study gave that one A/B test, with the video autoplaying for first-time visitors, as an 86 percent increase (EyeView).

How it changed. EyeView's 2010 white paper said that "in some cases" the boost was over 80% (EyeView white paper). It reported the eToro split test, earlier told as 20%, as almost 32 percent (EyeView white paper). By August 2010 Unbounce, a landing-page software seller, wrote that "a study by eyeviewdigital.com shows that using video on landing pages can increase conversion by 80%" (Unbounce, 2010 capture). That dropped "in some cases" and the single-client scope. Later repeats dropped EyeView too and credit other vendors.

What to use instead. Unbounce's own August 2021 look at about 35,000 customer landing pages in each of three periods from late 2020 to early 2021 (Unbounce) found that video had a minimal or negative effect on landing page conversion, whatever the page's goal (Unbounce). Appraisal firms were not among its ten industries. An appraisal firm that wants a number for its own site needs its own test: the same page with and without the video, shown to visitors at random.

Every popular claim our research pages trace, 789 in all, is on one page: popular video statistics, fact-checked.

How we built this page

We started from the questions people search for about real estate appraiser video statistics and looked for the organization that actually produced each answer. Every figure on this page sits in an evidence ledger with its source, the exact table or paragraph it came from, the measurement period, the population measured, and the date we checked it. This edition holds 483 figures from 52 publishers.

On November 6, 2026, each sourced figure on this page was re-fetched with the fetch cache cleared and matched against the recorded wording: BLS occupation, projection, household-survey and Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages figures (bls.gov pages through Internet Archive copies, because bls.gov refuses automated requests); Census County Business Patterns, Nonemployer Statistics, the 2022 Economic Census and the NAICS Manual; Florida’s appraiser statutes, the Real Estate Appraisal Board’s rules and the Department of Business and Professional Regulation’s annual reports; the Appraiser Qualifications Board’s criteria; federal appraisal rules in the Federal Register, eCFR and the U.S. Code; FHA and VA pages, circulars and fee tables; Fannie Mae’s Selling Guide and research, Freddie Mac’s product pages and research, and FHFA’s appraisal data pages; the 10-K filings of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Rocket, UWM, Zillow, Radian and other lenders and insurers; NAR’s and Working RE’s appraiser surveys; Brookings, Urban Institute, Washington University and Philadelphia Fed research; Justice Department and HUD case documents; and the pages behind each popular claim. Where a site refuses automated requests we read an Internet Archive copy. Our licence counts come from Florida’s public appraiser licence file, our below-contract shares from FHFA’s Uniform Appraisal Dataset files, our 10-K phrase counts from EDGAR full-text search, and our YouTube figures from the YouTube Data API. We left out the Appraisal Subcommittee’s National Registry and annual report (its site’s robots rules exclude AI crawlers, so there is no U.S. count of credentialed appraisers here), two journal papers whose host excludes AI crawlers, Justice Department press releases behind a bot check, and gated seller reports.

We only cite the producer: government agencies, regulators, company filings and official posts, and the survey owner's own report. We do not cite statistics roundups, Statista-style aggregators, or salary sites without a public method. We did not bypass paywalls or sign-up forms; where a full report was gated, we used only the figures its publisher states publicly.

Figures marked "our calculation" are arithmetic on the cited numbers, and anyone can reproduce them:

This edition contains no Mark Studios customer data.

Limitations

• Our YouTube read follows YouTube’s ranking and is incomplete. The 241 videos are what YouTube’s search returned for ‘home appraisal’ (top 200 by views) and ‘real estate appraisal’ (top 100; the daily search quota ran out before the rest of that list and an ‘appraiser’ search could be read) on November 6, 2026, with no country filter. View counts are lifetime snapshots, and we sorted 186 channels by hand from their public text. We counted a channel as an appraiser only when its own text said so.
• BLS does not count real estate appraisers on their own. Its wage, projection and household-survey figures cover property appraisers and assessors, which includes government tax assessors and appraisers of personal and business property. The payroll survey leaves out the self-employed, and OEWS is not built for year-to-year comparison.
• Licence counts count paperwork. Florida’s file counts credentials, not working appraisers; an appraiser licensed in several states is counted in each state, a county is the county on the address of record, and the file was read before the November 30, 2026 renewal deadline. We could not read the national registry.
• FHFA’s appraisal data stops at 2023 and covers Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac loans only. FHA, VA, jumbo and cash sales are outside it, and our shares count appraisals, not homes.
• Survey and seller figures are self-reported. NAR’s 2025 appraiser survey had a 2.7% response rate, Working RE’s survey is run by an insurer that sells to appraisers, the Appraisal Institute is a membership body, and Freddie Mac’s savings figures come from its own product pages. Bias studies use different samples, periods and measures, so their gaps are not directly comparable.

How to cite this page

For a single figure, cite the original publisher named next to it, and link here if the verification trail is useful to your readers. Each figure has its own anchor, so you can link straight to it, for example https://www.markstudios.com/research/real-estate-appraiser-video-statistics#DRV-203. To cite the page as a whole:

Mark Studios. "Real Estate Appraiser Video Statistics." Last verified Nov 6, 2026. https://www.markstudios.com/research/real-estate-appraiser-video-statistics

@misc{markstudios_real_estate_appraiser_video_statistics_2026,
  author = {{Mark Studios}},
  title = {{Real Estate Appraiser Video Statistics}},
  year = {2026},
  month = nov,
  url = {https://www.markstudios.com/research/real-estate-appraiser-video-statistics},
  note = {Last verified 2026-11-06}
}

Our calculations and the evidence table are free to reuse with attribution and a link to this page. Each underlying figure remains the claim of its original publisher, and some publishers ask for a link when their figures are reused.

Sources

Download the evidence table (CSV)

1. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Table 1.2 Occupational projections, 2025-35, and worker characteristics, 2025 (2026-08-27). Accessed 2026-11-06.
2. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, OEWS time-series occupation codes (oe.occupation) (2025). Accessed 2026-11-06.
3. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook: Property Appraisers and Assessors (Summary) (2026-08-27). Accessed 2026-11-06.
4. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey, Table 11b: Employed persons by detailed occupation and age (2025) (2026-01). Accessed 2026-11-06.
5. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey, Table 11: Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity (2025) (2026-01). Accessed 2026-11-06.
6. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey, Table 11b: Employed persons by detailed occupation and age (2019) (2020-01). Accessed 2026-11-06.
7. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey, Table 11: Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity (2019) (2020-01). Accessed 2026-11-06.
8. U.S. Census Bureau (Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget), North American Industry Classification System, United States, 2022 (NAICS Manual) (2022). Accessed 2026-11-06.
9. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, QCEW Open Data: 2025 annual averages, industry 531320 (CSV) (2026-09). Accessed 2026-11-06.
10. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, QCEW Open Data: 2019 annual averages, industry 531320 (CSV) (2020-09). Accessed 2026-11-06.
11. U.S. Census Bureau, County Business Patterns: 2023 (Census Data API) (2025). Accessed 2026-11-06.
12. U.S. Census Bureau, County Business Patterns: 2019 (Census Data API) (2021). Accessed 2026-11-06.
13. U.S. Census Bureau, County Business Patterns: 2023 (Census Data API), employment size classes (2025). Accessed 2026-11-06.
14. U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 Nonemployer Statistics (Census Data API, nonemp) (2025). Accessed 2026-11-06.
15. U.S. Census Bureau, 2024 Nonemployer Statistics (Census Data API, nonemp) (2026). Accessed 2026-11-06.
16. U.S. Census Bureau, 2019 Nonemployer Statistics (Census Data API, nonemp) (2022). Accessed 2026-11-06.
17. U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 Economic Census: Geographic Area Statistics (Census Data API, ecnbasic) (2025). Accessed 2026-11-06.
18. U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 Economic Census: Industry by Products Statistics (Census Data API, ecnnapcsind) (2025). Accessed 2026-11-06.
19. U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 Economic Census: Establishment and Firm Size Statistics (Census Data API, ecnsize) (2025). Accessed 2026-11-06.
20. U.S. Census Bureau, 2024 Annual Integrated Economic Survey: Summary Statistics for Employer Firms (Census Data API, aiesbasic) (2026). Accessed 2026-11-06.
21. U.S. Census Bureau, County Business Patterns: 2023 (Census Data API) (2025). Accessed 2026-11-06.
22. U.S. Census Bureau, County Business Patterns: 2023 (Census Data API) (2025). Accessed 2026-11-06.
23. Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation, Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation Annual Report: FY 2023-24 (2024-11-07). Accessed 2026-11-06.
24. Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation, Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation Annual Report: 2016-2017 Fiscal Year (2017-10-26). Accessed 2026-11-06.
25. Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation, Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation Annual Report: FY 2018-19 (2019-11-01). Accessed 2026-11-06.
26. Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation, Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation Annual Report: FY 2019-20 (2020-11-12). Accessed 2026-11-06.
27. Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation, Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation Annual Report: FY 2020-21 (2021-11-01). Accessed 2026-11-06.
28. Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation, Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation Annual Report: FY 2021-22 (2022-11-01). Accessed 2026-11-06.
29. Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation, Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation Annual Report: FY 2022-23 (2023-12-19). Accessed 2026-11-06.
30. Florida Legislature, Office of Economic and Demographic Research, Florida Population Estimates by County and Municipality, April 1, 2025 (2025-10-15). Accessed 2026-11-06.
31. The Appraisal Foundation, Appraiser Qualifications Board (copy hosted by the Alabama Real Estate Appraisers Board), The Real Property Appraiser Qualification Criteria and Interpretations of the Criteria (March 2026 reprint) (2026-03-25). Accessed 2026-11-06.
32. The Florida Legislature (Florida Statutes), The 2026 Florida Statutes, s. 475.617 (2026). Accessed 2026-11-06.
33. The Florida Legislature (Florida Statutes), The 2026 Florida Statutes, s. 475.611 (2026). Accessed 2026-11-06.
34. Florida Real Estate Appraisal Board (Florida Administrative Code, via Cornell LII), Fla. Admin. Code Ann. R. 61J1-6.001 - Experience Requirements (2026). Accessed 2026-11-06.
35. Florida Real Estate Appraisal Board (Florida Administrative Code, via Cornell LII), Fla. Admin. Code Ann. R. 61J1-4.010 - Supervisory Appraiser and Registered Trainee Appraiser (2026). Accessed 2026-11-06.
36. Florida Real Estate Appraisal Board (Florida Administrative Code, via Cornell LII), Fla. Admin. Code Ann. R. 61J1-4.003 - Continuing Education (2026). Accessed 2026-11-06.
37. Florida Real Estate Appraisal Board (Florida Administrative Code, via Cornell LII), Fla. Admin. Code Ann. R. 61J1-4.001 - Prescribed Courses and Examinations (2026). Accessed 2026-11-06.
38. Florida Real Estate Appraisal Board (Florida Administrative Code, via Cornell LII), Fla. Admin. Code Ann. R. 61J1-9.001 - Standards of Appraisal Practice (2026). Accessed 2026-11-06.
39. Florida Real Estate Appraisal Board (Florida Administrative Code, via Cornell LII), Fla. Admin. Code Ann. R. 61J1-2.001 - Fees (2026). Accessed 2026-11-06.
40. The Florida Legislature (Florida Statutes), The 2026 Florida Statutes, s. 475.6147 (2026). Accessed 2026-11-06.
41. U.S. Congress (U.S. Code via GovInfo), 12 U.S.C. 3338 Functions of Appraisal Subcommittee (2023 edition) (2024). Accessed 2026-11-06.
42. The Florida Legislature (Florida Statutes), The 2026 Florida Statutes, s. 475.629 (2026). Accessed 2026-11-06.
43. Florida Real Estate Appraisal Board (Florida Administrative Code, via Cornell LII), Fla. Admin. Code Ann. R. 61J1-7.003 - Advertising (2026). Accessed 2026-11-06.
44. The Florida Legislature (Florida Statutes), The 2026 Florida Statutes, s. 475.613 (2026). Accessed 2026-11-06.
45. OCC, Federal Reserve Board, FDIC, NCUA, CFPB and FHFA (Federal Register), Minimum Requirements for Appraisal Management Companies, final rule, 80 FR 32658 (2015-06-09). Accessed 2026-11-06.
46. The Florida Legislature (Florida Statutes), The 2026 Florida Statutes, s. 475.6235 (2026). Accessed 2026-11-06.
47. The Florida Legislature (Florida Statutes), The 2026 Florida Statutes, s. 475.6245 (2026). Accessed 2026-11-06.
48. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (eCFR, Regulation Z), 12 CFR 1026.42 Valuation independence (2026). Accessed 2026-11-06.
49. U.S. Congress (U.S. Code via GovInfo), 15 U.S.C. 1639e Appraisal independence requirements (2023 edition) (2024). Accessed 2026-11-06.
50. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (eCFR, Regulation B), 12 CFR 1002.14 Rules on providing appraisals and other valuations (2026). Accessed 2026-11-06.
51. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (eCFR, Regulation Z), 12 CFR 1026.35 Requirements for higher-priced mortgage loans (2026). Accessed 2026-11-06.
52. OCC, Federal Reserve Board and FDIC (Federal Register), Real Estate Appraisals, final rule, 84 FR 53579 (2019-10-08). Accessed 2026-11-06.
53. OCC, Federal Reserve Board and FDIC (Federal Register), Real Estate Appraisals, final rule, 83 FR 15019 (2018-04-09). Accessed 2026-11-06.
54. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (eCFR), 12 CFR 34.43 Appraisals required; transactions requiring a State certified or licensed appraiser (2026). Accessed 2026-11-06.
55. OCC, Federal Reserve Board, FDIC, NCUA, CFPB and FHFA (Federal Register), Quality Control Standards for Automated Valuation Models, final rule, 89 FR 64538 (2024-08-07). Accessed 2026-11-06.
56. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (FHA), FHA Roster Appraisers Getting Started (2026). Accessed 2026-11-06.
57. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (FHA), Mortgagee Letter 2025-24, Updates to FHA Appraiser Roster Management (2025-12-23). Accessed 2026-11-06.
58. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (Loan Guaranty Service), VA Pamphlet 26-7, Lenders Handbook, Chapter 10: Appraisal Process (2019-03-11). Accessed 2026-11-06.
59. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (Loan Guaranty Service), VA Circular 26-22-13, Procedures for Alternative Valuation Methods (2022-07-27). Accessed 2026-11-06.
60. Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA), Uniform Appraisal Dataset (UAD) Aggregate Statistics (2025-03-04). Accessed 2026-11-06.
61. Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA), PAVE Update on Property Valuation Inequalities (2024-04-12). Accessed 2026-11-06.
62. Fannie Mae (government-sponsored enterprise in conservatorship), B4-1.2-02, Desktop Appraisals (2025-12-10). Accessed 2026-11-06.
63. Fannie Mae (government-sponsored enterprise in conservatorship), B4-1.2-03, Hybrid Appraisals (2025-12-10). Accessed 2026-11-06.
64. Fannie Mae (government-sponsored enterprise in conservatorship), B4-1.4-11, Value Acceptance + Property Data (2025-12-10). Accessed 2026-11-06.
65. Fannie Mae (government-sponsored enterprise in conservatorship), B4-1.4-10, Value Acceptance (2026-06-03). Accessed 2026-11-06.
66. Fannie Mae (government-sponsored enterprise in conservatorship), B4-1.2-04, Appraisal Age and Use Requirements (2025-12-10). Accessed 2026-11-06.
67. Freddie Mac (government-sponsored enterprise in conservatorship), ACE (Automated Collateral Evaluation) (undated). Accessed 2026-11-06.
68. Freddie Mac (government-sponsored enterprise in conservatorship), ACE+ PDR (undated). Accessed 2026-11-06.
69. Freddie Mac (government-sponsored enterprise in conservatorship), Racial and Ethnic Valuation Gaps in Home Purchase Appraisals (Economic & Housing Research Note) (2021-09-20). Accessed 2026-11-06.
70. Fannie Mae (government-sponsored enterprise in conservatorship), Appraising the Appraisal (2022-02-16). Accessed 2026-11-06.
71. Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA), Have Racial and Ethnic Valuation Gaps in Home Purchase Narrowed? (2023-08-08). Accessed 2026-11-06.
72. Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA), Exploring Appraisal Bias Using UAD Aggregate Statistics (undated). Accessed 2026-11-06.
73. Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA), FHFA Announces Enterprise Reconsideration of Value Policies (2024-05-01). Accessed 2026-11-06.
74. Washington University in St. Louis (Korver-Glenn and Howell), Worsening racial inequality in home appraisals detailed in new report (2022-11-02). Accessed 2026-11-06.
75. Brookings Institution (Perry, Rothwell and Harshbarger), The devaluation of assets in Black neighborhoods (2018-11-27). Accessed 2026-11-06.
76. Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia (Calem, Lambie-Hanson, Nakamura) and Wharton (Kenney), working paper, Appraising Home Purchase Appraisals (Working Paper 18-28) (2018-12-04). Accessed 2026-11-06.
77. Illinois REALTORS (Blustein) and University of Chicago (Jean), Color and Collateral: Examining Individual and Neighborhood Effects of Race on Housing Valuation and Mortgage Lending (2021-01-01). Accessed 2026-11-06.
78. Urban Institute (Neal, Strochak, Zhu and Young), How Automated Valuation Models Can Disproportionately Affect Majority-Black Neighborhoods (2020-12-29). Accessed 2026-11-06.
79. Urban Institute and George Washington University authors (Neal, Perry and Zhu), AREUEA policy forum summary, To Err Is Automated: Have Technological Advances in the Mortgage Market Increased Opportunities for Black Homeownership? (policy forum paper summary) (2023-09-07). Accessed 2026-11-06.
80. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), HUD Approves Agreement with JPMorgan Chase Resolving Claims of Race Discrimination in Appraisals (HUD No. 21-037) (2021-03-08). Accessed 2026-11-06.
81. U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, Statement of Interest of the United States, Austin et al. v. Miller et al., No. 3:21-cv-09319 (N.D. Cal.) (2022-02-14). Accessed 2026-11-06.
82. U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division and Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, Statement of Interest, Nathan Connolly and Shani Mott v. Shane Lanham, No. 1:22-cv-02048 (D. Md.) (2023-03-13). Accessed 2026-11-06.
83. U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, Nathan Connolly and Shani Mott v. Shane Lanham (D. Md.) (case page) (2023-08-04). Accessed 2026-11-06.
84. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), HUD Charges Appraiser, Appraisal Management Company, and Lender with Race Discrimination (HUD No. 24-181) (2024-07-15). Accessed 2026-11-06.
85. U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, Complaint, United States v. Rocket Mortgage, LLC, et al. (D. Colo.) (2024-10-21). Accessed 2026-11-06.
86. U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, Complaint: United States v. Rocket Mortgage (D. Colo.) (case page) (2025-09-17). Accessed 2026-11-06.
87. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), HUD Reaches Groundbreaking Settlement with The Appraisal Foundation to Ensure Equal Opportunity in the Appraisal Profession (HUD No. 24-176) (2024-07-11). Accessed 2026-11-06.
88. Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac) (SEC Form 10-K), Freddie Mac Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 (2022-02-10). Accessed 2026-11-06.
89. Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac) (SEC Form 10-K), Freddie Mac Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 (2021-02-11). Accessed 2026-11-06.
90. Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac) (SEC Form 10-K), Freddie Mac Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (2026-02-12). Accessed 2026-11-06.
91. Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) (SEC Form 10-K), Fannie Mae Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 (2019-02-14). Accessed 2026-11-06.
92. Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac) (SEC Form 10-K), Freddie Mac Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 (2025-02-13). Accessed 2026-11-06.
93. Radian Group Inc. (SEC Form 10-K), Radian Group Inc. Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (2026-02-20). Accessed 2026-11-06.
94. Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) (SEC Form 10-K), Fannie Mae Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 (2022-02-15). Accessed 2026-11-06.
95. Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) (SEC Form 10-K), Fannie Mae Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (2026-02-11). Accessed 2026-11-06.
96. Rocket Companies, Inc. (SEC Form 10-K), Rocket Companies, Inc. Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (2026-03-02). Accessed 2026-11-06.
97. UWM Holdings Corporation (SEC Form 10-K), UWM Holdings Corporation Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (2026-02-25). Accessed 2026-11-06.
98. loanDepot, Inc. (SEC Form 10-K), loanDepot, Inc. Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (2026-03-12). Accessed 2026-11-06.
99. Radian Group Inc. (SEC Form 10-K), Radian Group Inc. Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 (2022-02-25). Accessed 2026-11-06.
100. MGIC Investment Corporation (SEC Form 10-K), MGIC Investment Corporation Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (2026-02-25). Accessed 2026-11-06.
101. WSFS Financial Corporation (SEC Form 10-K), WSFS Financial Corporation Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (2026-03-02). Accessed 2026-11-06.
102. Radian Group Inc. (SEC Form 10-K), Radian Group Inc. Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 (2021-02-26). Accessed 2026-11-06.
103. Zillow Group, Inc. (SEC Form 10-K), Zillow Group, Inc. Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (2026-02-11). Accessed 2026-11-06.
104. Opendoor Technologies Inc. (SEC Form 10-K), Opendoor Technologies Inc. Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (2026-02-19). Accessed 2026-11-06.
105. Fidelity National Information Solutions, Inc. (SEC Form 10-K), Fidelity National Information Solutions, Inc. Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2002 (2003-03-28). Accessed 2026-11-06.
106. First Mariner Bancorp (SEC Form 10-K), First Mariner Bancorp Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004 (2005-03-16). Accessed 2026-11-06.
107. The Appraisal Foundation, Practicum - The Appraisal Foundation (2025). Accessed 2026-11-06.
108. The Appraisal Foundation, PAREA® - The Appraisal Foundation (2025-08-15). Accessed 2026-11-06.
109. Appraisal Institute, Full-Cost TAF PAREA Scholarship to Support Aspiring Appraisers (2025-08-28). Accessed 2026-11-06.
110. Appraisal Institute, AI PAREA - Appraisal Institute (2026). Accessed 2026-11-06.
111. Appraisal Institute, Appraiser Development Initiative (ADI) (2026). Accessed 2026-11-06.
112. Appraisal Institute (Appraiser Diversity Initiative), ADI Fact Sheet (effective 09/24/2023) (2023-09-24). Accessed 2026-11-06.
113. Appraisal Institute, Appraisal Institute Opens Next Mission Scholarship to Help Veterans Launch Careers in Real Estate Appraisal (2026-10-13). Accessed 2026-11-06.
114. Appraisal Institute, About - Appraisal Institute (2026). Accessed 2026-11-06.
115. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Appraisal Fees and Timeliness, Effective May 1, 2026 (2026-05-01). Accessed 2026-11-06.
116. National Association of REALTORS®, 2025 Appraisal Issues Survey (2025-12-19). Accessed 2026-11-06.
117. Working RE (OREP Insurance), 2026 Appraiser Survey: State of the Profession (2026-06). Accessed 2026-11-06.
118. Appraisal Institute, Appraisal Institute's Response to Freddie Mac Research on Hybrid Appraisals (2025-03-13). Accessed 2026-11-06.
119. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Circular 26-20-11, Valuation Practices during COVID-19 (2020-03-27). Accessed 2026-11-06.
120. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Circular 26-20-13, Valuation Practices during COVID-19 (Updated) (2020-04-10). Accessed 2026-11-06.
121. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (FHA), Mortgagee Letter 2020-05: Re-verification of Employment and Exterior-Only and Desktop-Only Appraisal Scope of Work Options (2020-03-27). Accessed 2026-11-06.
122. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Circular 26-22-13, Procedures for Alternative Valuation Methods (2022-07-27). Accessed 2026-11-06.
123. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Circular 26-23-13, Liquidation Appraisal Interior Access Attempts (2023-07-24). Accessed 2026-11-06.
124. Office of U.S. Senator Mike Rounds, Rounds, Thune Send Letter to Appraisal Foundation Chair Regarding Decrease in Real Estate Appraisers (2015-07-22). Accessed 2026-11-06.
125. Inman (real estate trade publication), How the appraiser shortage is affecting homeowners (2017-01-20). Accessed 2026-11-06.
126. HousingWire (mortgage trade publication; contributed article), Another answer to the appraiser shortage? Eliminate 4-year degree requirement (2017-07-26). Accessed 2026-11-06.
127. Oregon Legislative Assembly, House Joint Memorial 3 (2017 Regular Session), introduced (2017-01). Accessed 2026-11-06.
128. HousingWire (mortgage trade publication), The industry is in dire need of appraisers (2015-11-18). Accessed 2026-11-06.
129. New England Real Estate Journal (column by William Pastuszek Jr.), A quick look at the current state of the residential appraisal profession (2025-03-28). Accessed 2026-11-06.
130. Maine Credit Union League (testimony to the Maine Legislature's Committee on Labor), In Support of LD 1514: An Act to Change the Laws Regarding Real Estate Appraisers (2025-04-22). Accessed 2026-11-06.
131. Working RE (published by OREP, an E&O insurance broker for appraisers), Under Pressure: What's Driving the Appraiser Exodus and How to Fix It (2026-05-05). Accessed 2026-11-06.
132. Valuation Review (October Research trade publication) relaying the Appraisal Institute, The aging appraiser: Where is the next generation? (2012-02-28). Accessed 2026-11-06.
133. National Mortgage Professional relaying an Appraisal Institute announcement, Number of Certified Appraisers Hits All-Time High (2013-04-09). Accessed 2026-11-06.
134. Appraisal Institute (membership association of appraisers; sells membership, designations and education), Drop in US Real Estate Appraisers Slows: Appraisal Institute Research (2014-07-31). Accessed 2026-11-06.
135. National Mortgage Professional relaying the Appraisal Institute, Number of Active U.S. Appraisers Declines Slightly (2014-07-31). Accessed 2026-11-06.
136. Appraisal Institute (membership association of appraisers; sells membership, designations and education), U.S. Real Estate Valuation Profession fact sheet, Dec. 31, 2014 (2015). Accessed 2026-11-06.
137. Appraisal Institute (membership association of appraisers; sells membership, designations and education), 2023 U.S. Valuation Profession Fact Sheet (2023-08-01). Accessed 2026-11-06.
138. The Appraisal Foundation (results deck hosted by the Minnesota Department of Commerce), The Appraisal Foundation Final Results Diversity Survey (2021-05-18). Accessed 2026-11-06.
139. Conference of State Bank Supervisors (state regulators' association), A Current Review of Appraiser Shortages in Rural Communities & Appraisal Standards (2018). Accessed 2026-11-06.
140. New England Real Estate Journal (column by Robert Concannon, Appraisal Institute), The current status of the real estate appraisal profession (2018-01-12). Accessed 2026-11-06.
141. Clear Capital (AMC and valuation seller) excerpting HomeLight, How Often Do Home Appraisals Come in Low? The Experts Weigh In (2020-06-04). Accessed 2026-11-06.
142. The Basis Point (mortgage newsletter by Julian Hebron), What To Do When 1 in 8 Home Purchases Have A Low Appraisal (2021-10-13). Accessed 2026-11-06.
143. HousingWire relaying Platinum Data Solutions (valuation technology seller), 17% of Appraisals Don't Match Sales Price (2014-10-21). Accessed 2026-11-06.
144. National Association of REALTORS (trade association; own survey), Low Appraisals Stall 23% of Home Sales (2021-10-11). Accessed 2026-11-06.
145. Fannie Mae (GSE in conservatorship; own research), Housing Market Effects of Appraising Below Contract (2016-06-07). Accessed 2026-11-06.
146. Mortgage News Daily relaying CoreLogic (property data and valuation seller), Appraisal Fails Still Causing Issues Despite Improving Markets (2017-01-18). Accessed 2026-11-06.
147. Pro Builder relaying CoreLogic via The Wall Street Journal, Home Appraisals Are Messing With Sales (2021-10-12). Accessed 2026-11-06.
148. Fannie Mae (GSE in conservatorship; own research), When Appraisers Go Low Contracts Go Lower: The Impact of Expert Opinions on Transaction Prices (2020-10). Accessed 2026-11-06.
149. Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia (Working Paper 17-23), Appraising Home Purchase Appraisals (2017). Accessed 2026-11-06.
150. Inman (real estate trade publication; review by Craig Rowe of OneMob, a video tool seller), OneMob's video landing pages offer a terrific marketing advantage (2021-08-17). Accessed 2026-11-06.
151. WellcomeMat (real estate video platform seller), You want video? (Undated). Accessed 2026-11-06.
152. EyeView Digital (video production and testing vendor; sold the videos it tested), EyeView - The new "Conversion" game (2008-12-04). Accessed 2026-11-06.
153. EyeView Digital (video production and testing vendor; sold the videos it tested), UMOO - a prime beef example of EyeView's success (2009-02-10). Accessed 2026-11-06.
154. EyeView Digital (video production and testing vendor; sold the videos it tested), Another video conversion success story (2009-11-10). Accessed 2026-11-06.
155. EyeView Digital (video production and testing vendor; sold the videos it tested), Case study: TutorVista (2009). Accessed 2026-11-06.
156. EyeView Digital (video production and testing vendor; sold the videos it tested), Making Video Accountable (EyeView white paper) (2010). Accessed 2026-11-06.
157. Unbounce (landing-page software seller), The benefits of using video on landing pages (2010-08). Accessed 2026-11-06.
158. Unbounce (landing-page software seller; analysis of its own customers' pages), Video on landing pages means more conversions, right? Wrong. Here's why (2021-08-26). Accessed 2026-11-06.

Update policy and change log

We re-verify every figure quarterly and when a major source publishes a new edition. The next scheduled review is February 2027. Corrections go to contact@markstudios.com.

• Nov 6, 2026: First published with 483 figures from 52 publishers, each checked against its original source.